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Jade artifacts unearthed from the tomb of Liuhe, the Marquis of Haihu in the Western Han Dynasty
Date: 2019-12-02       Hits:10037

Approximately 400 pieces (sets) of jade artifacts were unearthed from the Tomb (M1) of Liuhe, the Houhou of Haihun in the Western Han Dynasty, Nanchang, Jiangxi, including about 40 types of artifacts. All jade artifacts are scattered in different areas of the tomb (see Figure 1 on page 5 of this issue for the floor plan of the tomb), which shows that different areas have different shapes and different functional properties. Based on this feature, this article is divided into different regions of the unearthed jade, and a total of 38 representative jade objects are selected and introduced as follows.

 

1 Tibetan Coffin

 

(1) Entertainment library

 

A total of 13 jade wares were unearthed, of which the dancer jade pendant, the double dragon head jade hoon, and the stone tube were all installed in a lacquer box, and they were considered to be group jade pendants. Gainu and flake inlays mostly appeared in pairs.

 

 


Picture 1 Dancer's jade pendant (M1: 727-3)

 

Dancing man jade pendant Specimen M1: 727-3, Hetian white jade, with a pale yellow color. She has a flaky, double-sided openwork dancer girl with a melon-seeded face, a long straight nose, a fan-shaped front hair covering her forehead, long hair braided behind her head, and a flourishing temple. Wearing a right gusset gown, the cuffs and the edge of the garment are decorated with fancy, the clothes are long to the ground, the waist is tied, the left arm is raised, and the robe is raised on the head for dancing, and the right arm is placed in front of the abdomen. The detail of the jade wear is carved by a single Yin line, with a semicircular perforated protrusion on the top and bottom, which can be used for wearing. The instrument table is polished and polished. The height is 93, the width is 30.5, and the thickness is 4~4.2 mm (Figure 1).

 

 

Figure 2 Double Dragon Head Jade Hang (M1: 727-1)

 

Double Dragon Head Jade Heng Specimen M1: 727-1, Hetian white jade, yellowish brown in color. Flake, double-sided carved double dragons, symmetrical heads at both ends, leaf-shaped ears, teardrop-shaped eyes, slightly open mouth, upturned upper jaw, curled lower jaw, and sharp lower fangs. The dragon body mound is engraved with arcs, moiré patterns and wishful patterns, with a small hole in the middle of the convex arc. The instrument table is polished and polished. It is 173 in length, 27 in the middle, 36 in both ends, and 3.4 to 4.2 mm thick (Figure 2).

 

 

Figure 3 Dragon-shaped stone cover button (M1: 1-1-3)

 

Dragon-shaped Shigainu Specimen M1: 1-1-3, incomplete hind feet, gray-white marble, not obvious weathering. Flaky, double-sided openwork dragon-shaped, squatting, head held high, the overall shape is S-shaped, leaf-shaped ears, apricot eyes, upper and lower jaws are rolled downwards, a bead is in the mouth, a bunch of bristles on the top of the head are hanging down and curled on the tail. Alice. The dragon body outlines the body structure with Yin lines, and the bottom is drilled with a front horizontal hole, a middle straight hole and a rear oblique hole for fixing. The residual height is 30.9, the width is 25.7, and the thickness is 4.5 mm (Figure 3).

 

 

Figure 4 Animal-shaped stone inlays (M1: 1-1-10)

 

Animal-shaped stone inlays Specimen M1: 1-1-10, the tip of the left toe is remnant, light gray-white limestone, without weathering. Flaky, single-sided bas-relief standing beast, wide and flat face, one horn, erect ears, raised eyebrows, round eyeballs, garlic nose, crooked mouth revealing three upper incisors. The lower limbs kneel on one knee to support the standing, the upper limbs beckoning and stroking the chest, the hands are divided into five fingers like human hands, the nails are long, the chest and abdomen are round, and the body looks like a bear. The body of the beast is drawn with swirling patterns to outline the joints, and parallel short-line patterns are used to express the mane. The front is polished, and the back is not polished. The height is 52.5, the width is 40.8, and the thickness is 2.6~3.8 mm (Figure 4).

 

 

Figure 5 Double wolf hunting pig pattern stone inlay (M1: 1-1-5)

 

Double-wolf hunting pig pattern stone inlay specimen M1: 1-1-5, left lateral remnant, gray serpentinized marble, white-yellow qin. Flake, single-sided hollowed out bas-relief double wolf hunting pig, the pig is at the bottom, struggling with its mouth open; the upper left wolf's left front paw grabs the upper mane of the pig’s neck and bites its back; the upper right wolf’s left front paw grabs the pig’s snout, The right front paw was pressed on the left wolf leg, biting the pig's head violently, and the scene was vivid. The body of the beast shows its mane with parallel short lines. The length is 53.8, the width is 37, and the thickness is 6.1 mm (Figure 5).

 

(2) Inside the paint box between the entertainment equipment library and the document archives library

 

There are 189 pieces of jade in the lacquer box, including 44 pieces of jade sword ornaments, but not all of them can be matched in complete sets; 25 pieces of agate shell ornaments; more than 10 pieces of small human ornaments and nearly 100 pieces of unprocessed jade materials and pieces.

 

 

Figure 6 Jade Bi with Grain Pattern and Pan Pattern (M1: 732-3-221)

 

Jade Bi with Grain Pattern and Pan Pattern Specimen M1: 732-3-221, there is a defect on the outer edge, and Hetian white jade, with gray Qin along the cracks. Plane ring, uneven thickness. The front is bas-relief with valley patterns and pancake patterns, with a circle of thin lines engraved on the inner and outer edges; there is no pattern on the back, and there is a cutting table mark. The diameter is 59.6, the hole diameter is 23.4, and the thickness is 2.4~3.5 mm (Figure 6).

 

 

Picture 7: Dragon-shaped jade pendant (M1: 732-3-225)

 

Dragon-shaped jade pendant Specimen M1: 732-3-225, the lower half is incomplete, and Hetian white jade, with gray-black oatmeal throughout. Flaky, open-carved looking dragon, apricot eyes, axe-shaped upper and lower jaws, open mouth to hold beads, hyena hair branching back, well muscled legs, and two toes. The jade pendant is drilled with a tube drill and engraved with a drawing process, and the body details are decorated with inscribed lines. The length is 56.2, the width is 41.1, and the thickness is 2.3 mm (Figure 7).

 

 

Figure 8 The front view of the jade sword head with moiré pattern on persimmon stalk (M1: 732-3-69)

 

 

Figure 9 The back of a jade sword head with moiré pattern on persimmon stem (M1: 732-3-69)

 

The first specimen of jade sword with moiré pattern on persimmon pedicle M1: 732-3-69, Hetian white jade, with brown color. It is round with a concave front. The inner area is bas-reliefed with a four-petal persimmon pedicle pattern, surrounded by two circles of inscribed lines, and the outer area is carved with eight "D"-shaped moiré patterns between positive and negative. The central tenon and tenon on the back is a circular protrusion, the middle tube is drilled with a circular groove, and the circular outer edge surface and the side face at right angles to pass through a tunnel with a diameter of 1 mm. The surface is polished well. The diameter is 44 and the height is 10 mm (Figure 8 and 9).

 

 

Figure 10 The jade sword grid with beast face pattern and chi pattern (M1: 732-3-82)

 

Specimen of jade sword grid with beast face pattern and chi pattern M1: 732-3-82, Hetian white jade, scattered with brown qin. The cross-section is rhombus, with a concave notch cut in the middle of the upper end; ridges are formed in the middle of the side; the middle of the lower end is pointed with rectangular perforations in the middle, and V-shaped grooves are ground on both sides of the front edge of the hole. One side is embossed with a high-relief chiffon pattern and supplemented with a Yin line, the chick's head looks like a cat, a pair of bodies, triangular ears, round eyes, straight nose, long curled hyena hair, and a U-shape torso. On the other side, the middle ridge is the nose, and the animal face pattern is engraved on the negative side. The two sides are symmetrical with square eyes. The torso is curved and abducted and decorated with parallel double arcs and cirrus moire patterns. The length is 56.2, the width is 18.4, and the thickness is 22.5 mm (Figure 10).

 

 

Picture 11: Jade sword with animal face pattern (M1: 732-3-75)

 

Jade sword with animal face pattern Specimen M1: 732-3-75, Hetian white jade, with a small amount of light yellow ointment. The body is rectangular, with both ends bent down slightly, and one end of the front is bas-relief with animal face patterns, round eyes, tow angles, and a crested crown on the forehead. The tip of the crown forms a straight line extending to the other end. The straight line is used as a beast. The back ridge is decorated with five groups of symmetrical cirrus patterns on both sides, distributed between the positive and negative phases; the edges on both sides are slope-shaped; the back is cut out of rectangular . The glass is polished on the front. The length is 86.9, the width is 25, and the thickness is 14.1 mm (Figure 11).

 

 

Picture 1 2 Chi-line stone Jianzhu (M1: 732-3-65)

 

Chinstone Jianluo Specimen M1: 732-3-65, milky white yellow wax stone, light yellow, fine texture, waxy luster. Trapezoid, with an olive-shaped cross section. The upper middle tube is drilled with a straight hole; two chinchillas in deep relief on the side, one hanging head, one raised head, trapezoidal head, curved ears, bulging eyes, wide nose, grin, S-shaped torso, four-legged, Three claws, twisted wire and long curly tail; on the other side is a bas-relief with a chick. The bottom length is 51.9, the height is 31.2, and the thickness is 22.3 mm (Figure 1 and 2).

 

 

Picture 13 Agate shell-shaped ornament (M1: 732-3-96)

 

Agate shell-shaped ornament Specimen M1: 732-3-96, brown agate with "red dots" inside, preserved intact. Imitating the seashell shape, the front is uplifted, the middle part is vertically carved with long tooth grooves, and the two sides of the tooth groove are carved with short tooth grooves. A small perforation is drilled on each tube at both ends of the tooth groove for threading; the back is flat. The long diameter is 19.6, the short diameter is 12.5, and the thickness is 4.4 mm (Figure 13).

 

(3) Arsenal

 

34 pieces of jade sword ornaments were unearthed, but they could not be matched in a complete set, and there was another jade seal.

 

 

Inside front cover: 1   Valley pattern jade sword head (M1: 507-2)

 

Jade sword head with grain pattern Specimen M1: 507-2, Hetian white jade, densely brown. Round, with regular and full valley patterns in bas-relief on the front; the central mortise and tenon on the back is a flat cylindrical protrusion with a straight hole in the middle, and three oblique tunnels connected to the straight hole are drilled with equidistant pipes on the periphery. The diameter is 48.3, the height is 17.1 mm (three inside cover: 1).

 

 

Inside front cover: 2  plain agate sword grid (M1:494-2)

 

Plain agate sword grid Specimen M1: 494-2, dark red sardonyx. Plain face, rhombus cross-section, with a concave notch in the middle of the upper end; ridges in the middle of the sides; flat lower end with rectangular rounded perforations in the middle, and clear vertical marks in the hole wall. The table has a good polishing effect and has glass luster. Length 53, width 11.6, thickness 22.4 mm (3 inside back cover: 2).

 

 

Inside front cover: 3 螭環玉剑璏 (M1: 486)

 

 

Inside front cover: 4 螭螭環玉剑璏 (M1: 486)

 

Chi-patterned Jade Sword Jue Specimen M1: 486, Hetian white jade, densely covered with gray and black qin. The body is rectangular, with both ends bent down slightly. The front is deep-reliefed with three sons and mothers, with a large central trapezoid head, curved ears, bulging eyes, wide nose, open mouth and teeth, head up, crawling in an S-shape torso, long twisted silk tail curled back, and the body decorated with feather-like patterns. One end of the small chick looking at the big chick has curved ears, curved eyebrows, round eyes, pointed mouth, slender hairs, C-shaped crawling torso, branched tails, carved scaly patterns on the body, and densely short vaginal lines on the tail. At the other end, the small chinchilla opened his mouth to bite the big chi's tail, curved ears, curved eyebrows, bulging eyes, straight nose, C-shaped torso, short tail, body ridgeline and legs decorated with parallel short Yin lines. A rectangular is cut out on the back of the device. Length 102, width 24, thickness 23 mm (3 inside back cover: 3, 4).

 

Plain jade sword Specimen M1: 507-4, Hetian white jade, scattered with gray and black qin. Trapezoid shape, the cross section is olive core shape, plain face. A straight hole is drilled in the upper middle tube, and a small oblique tunnel connected to the straight hole is drilled on both sides of the hole. Length 48.4, height 39.5, thickness 12.7 mm (back cover).

 

Two main enclosure

 

(1) West Room

 

The relics unearthed in the West Chamber are mostly bronze ware, lacquered wood ware and gold ware, while jade wares are few but mostly decorations on bronze ware and lacquered wood ware. Among them is a dragon-shaped jade ornament with a dragon head pattern with a pan-pattern, which was set on a bronze pestle when it was unearthed, and it was probably placed temporarily.

 

 

Figure 14 A dragon-shaped jade ornament with a dragon head pattern with a pan-flower pattern (M1: 1483-1)

 

The dragon-shaped jade ornament specimen with the pattern of the dragon head and the head pattern of the pan-M1: 1483-1, Hetian white jade, with a light brown color. The dragon's head is stretched forward, round eyes, the lower jaw is upturned, the upper jaw is rolled out, and the mouth is closed; the dragon's body is upright, with hook-shaped wings on both sides, and the wings are decorated with feather scales, and a plain arched transverse perforated button emerges on the back; the dragon's tail is hovering It is cylindrical. The surface of the dragon body is bas-relief carved with the dragon head pattern. Looking down from top to bottom, the outer contour is square, the arched button is also located at the corners of the square, the inner wall is a round curved surface, and the overall shape is inside and outside. It should be made from the early high-body jade cong. Length 55.9, width 55.8, height 89 mm (Figure 14).

 

(2) East Room

 

Except for the main coffin and the cover of the coffin, the jade artifacts unearthed in this room are mainly from the southern part of the room. There are more than 100 pieces in total. Most of them are decorations on bronze and lacquer ware, especially inlays. The jade feather goblet, -shaped stone pendant, jade bi, etc. are placed on a lacquered wood table in the south.

 

 

Figure 1 Five Grain Pattern Jade Bi (M1: 1721)

 

Grain-patterned and Pu-patterned Jade Bi Specimen M1: 1721, with a small gap on the outer edge, Hetian white jade, scattered in gray and black. It has a flat ring shape and is carved on the ground with a grain pattern on one side and a pu pattern on the other side. The patterns on both sides are regular and delicate. The inner and outer edges are each carved with a Yin line, and partly polished into a slope shape. The four characters "" ("Noon Thirty-Nine") are engraved on the outer edge of the wall. The diameter is 116.4, the hole diameter is 46.6, and the thickness is 5 mm (Figure 15).

 

 

Figure 16 The Jade Seal of Gui Niu "Great Liu Ji" (M1 :1639)

 

 

Figure 17 The jade seal (M1 :1639) of the "Great Liuji Seal" of Guiniu

 

"Daliujiyin" jade seal specimen from Guiniu M1: 1639, Hetian white jade, pure, with a small amount of light brown. The square seal body has no lines on the light element, and the seal surface has no borders. The four characters "Da Liu Ji Yin" are carved by Miao Zhuanyin. The tortoise-shaped imprinted button is round, the tortoise's head is raised, the eyes are round, the tortoise's back is arched, and the tortoise is bounded by the ridge. The left and right sides are decorated with five sides and the quadrilateral indentation is carved with the tortoise pattern, flat limbs and two claws. Below the belly of the tortoise is a flat oval perforation formed by multiple drilling holes. The instrument table is polished and polished. The square has a side length of 17.6 mm and a height of 16.4 mm (Figures 16 and 17).

 

 

Picture 18: Jade feather goblet with phoenix bird pattern and animal face pattern (M1 :1655)

 

Jade with phoenix, bird and beast face pattern M1: 1655, Hetian white jade, pure, gray-black, taupe-brown, carved from a whole piece of jade. Oval cup, thin wall, shallow belly, flat bottom, crescent-shaped ears on both sides. The inner side wall of the cup is light-free, and the center of the inner bottom is engraved with two symmetrical abstract phoenix bird patterns, surrounded by an oval parallel double shadow line, and a concentric ellipse is encircled on the outside, with two sets of symmetrical inner shadow engraving Bird moire and moire pattern. The two ends of the outer wall of the cup are bas-relief carved with animal face patterns, and the rest are inscribed with bird moire patterns, cloud patterns and persimmon pedicle patterns, and an abstract phoenix bird pattern similar to the inner bottom is inscribed on the outer bottom. The ears are decorated with symmetrical bird moiré patterns. The decoration is concise and refined, and the watch is polished and polished. The long diameter is 123, the short diameter is 78, and the height is 31 mm (Figure 18).

 

 

Picture 19 A jade pendant in the shape of dragons and phoenixes and chi patterns (M1 :1488)

 

Dragon-phoenix-shaped jade pendant specimen M1: 1488, Hetian white jade, with a small amount of gray-black ointment. Flaky, openwork bas-relief. The body is heart-shaped, with a large center hole; a convex edge is formed along the arc on the upper half of the front, and another edge is raised in the middle and pointed at the top. The shoulders are concave and engraved with curling moiré; the surface of the lower half is slightly concave, Inscribed cloud patterns. The back is slightly drummed, with inscribed cloud patterns and flow patterns. The edge is contoured, with an openwork dragon pattern on the left, an openwork chinchilla pattern on the right, and an openwork phoenix bird pattern on the upper side. Dragon pattern leaf-shaped ears, water-dropping eyes, upper and lower jaws curled outwards, with fangs open, and biting the tail of the phoenix. Chi pattern upside down, trapezoidal head, long hair curled back, curved ears, raised eyebrows, round eyes, wide nose. The phoenix bird pattern is head-like, leaf-shaped ears, branches with long curly crowns, water-drop eyes, and open mouth and beak. Express body details with inscribed thin short lines and arcs. The length is 98.2, the width is 70, the thickness is 5.2~6.2, and the hole diameter is 33 mm (Figure 19).

 

 

Figure 20 A jade ring with Kuilong pattern (M1: 1809)

 

Kuilong pattern jade ring Specimen M1: 1809, Hetian sapphire, warm and moist, weakly weathered. It has a flat ring shape, with three groups of the same single-head double-body Kuilong pattern in bas-relief on each side, with thin lines engraved on the inner and outer edges. The horns of the dragon are obliquely long, with leaf-shaped eyes and a cirrus nose, with thin Yin lines on both sides to express the dragon's beard, and the forehead is decorated with grid patterns; the back of the head is divided into the left and right sides of the S-shaped body, and the central ridge and parallel arcs are engraved on the body. The pattern, the tail of the dragon is curled; both legs look like a J shape. Along the ring

The inner edge is carved with three groups of grid patterns and swirl patterns. The diameter is 94.8, the hole diameter is 60.9, and the thickness is 5.6 mm (Figure 20).

 

 

Figure 21: Phoenix bird-shaped stone decoration (M1: 1729-2)

 

Phoenix bird-shaped stone decoration Specimen M1: 1729-2, light brown serpentinized marble, grease luster. Flake, phoenix bird standing posture, leaf-shaped ears, round eyes, short beak, branched and long tail curled up above the top of the head, neck and wings are inscribed in short straight lines to express feathers. Drill an unthrough hole at the bottom. The height is 43.4, the width is 14.9, and the thickness is 7 mm (Figure 21).

 

Three main coffin

 

(1) The outer coffin cover

 

Three swords are placed on the cover of the outer coffin, and another is on the outside of the cover. There are 10 jade sword ornaments in total for these four swords.

 

 

Fig. 2 Sword Head of Jade with Chi Pattern and Moire Pattern (M1: 1794-1)

 

Sword Head of Jade with Chi Pattern and Moire Specimen M1: 1794-1, Hetian white jade, grayish white and grayish black. Round, the inner area of the front is rounded up, the surface is bas-relief with four curling moire patterns forming a four-petal flower shape, and the outer area is high-relief with two cloud-piercing worms, the waist is hidden; the back is flat, with two circular grooves inside and outside the tube drill, from the center to the The inner circular groove crosses two tunnels obliquely. It has a diameter of 52.5 and a height of 15.8 mm (Figure 2-2).

 

 

Picture two and three Jade sword grid with animal face pattern (M1 :1676-2)

 

Jade sword grid with animal face pattern Specimen M1: 1676-2, Hetian white jade, densely covered with gray and gray black. The cross-section is rhombus, with a concave cut in the middle of the upper end, ridges in the middle of the sides, pointed lower ends, rectangular perforations in the middle, and V-shaped grooves ground on both sides of the front of the hole. The two sides are decorated with the same pattern, with a symmetrical bas-relief animal face with the middle ridge as the nose. The length is 59.4, the width is 37, and the thickness is 21.5 mm (Figure 2 and 3).

 

 

Picture two and four jade sword with animal face pattern (M1: 1677-1)

 

Jade sword with animal face pattern Specimen M1: 1677-1, Hetian white jade, with a small amount of gray and gray black. The body is rectangular, with both ends bent down slightly. The front end has a bas-relief beast face, square eyes, upturned tow horns, cirrus nose, open mouth and teeth, and a crown with cirrus patterns on the forehead. The tip of the crown forms a straight line extending to the other end. This straight line serves as a beast. The back ridge is decorated with six sets of symmetrical cirrus patterns on both sides, distributed between the positive and negative sides; the edges on both sides are slope-shaped; the back is cut out with a rectangular . The glass is polished on the front. The length is 131.6, the width is 24.8, and the thickness is 15 mm (Figure 24).

 

(2) Between the inner and outer coffin

 

A large number of gold ware, lacquerware and 3 jade bibs were unearthed in the south, one of which was kept in a round wooden box of the same size.

 

 

Picture 25 Jade Bi with a Puwen Pattern (M1: 1813-1)

 

Puwen Jade Bi Specimen M1: 1813-1, Hetian sapphire, light yellow in some parts. The plane is ring-shaped, with uneven thickness. Both sides are bas-relief with regular and delicate puff patterns, and the inner and outer edges are ground into a slope. The diameter is 169, the aperture is 43, and the thickness is 4.9~5.3 mm (Figure 25).

 

 

Picture 26: Paisley Jade Bi (M1: 1825-1)

 

Paisley Jade Bi Specimen M1: 1825-1, Hetian sapphire, with traces of rust and cinnabar remaining on one side. The plane is ring-shaped, with uneven thickness. The two-sided grinding and stone carving combine to carve a regular and orderly vortex, and the inner and outer edges are each inscribed with a thin line. The diameter is 180, the aperture is 57.4, and the thickness is 3.1~4.6 mm (Figure 26).

 

(3) Inside the inner coffin

 

More than 40 pieces of jade are mainly distributed around the owner of the tomb. The head, chest, crotch, and left and right arms of the tomb owner are covered with jade bibs. The head and chest are also covered with jade bibs. There is a jade pillow on the top of the head. A number of jade rings are placed on the west side of the head; jade seals and jade belts are unearthed from the waist. Hooks, jade pendants, jade swords, jade swords, jade pipes, crystal beads, agate beads, etc.; there are glazed mats under the body; jade eye masks are covered on the eyes, and a jade (anal plug) is unearthed from the anus. In addition, a piece of jade was unearthed from the paint box of the head box.

 

 

Picture two seven jade wall with grain pattern (M1: 1878-77)

 

Guwen Jade Bi Specimen M1: 1878-77, Hetian white jade, partly with off-white Qin, with impurities on the surface that have not been cleaned. The plane is ring-shaped, with uneven thickness, both sides are evenly pressed and the mound is engraved with regular and full valley patterns, and the inner and outer edges are obliquely ridged. The diameter is 141.2, the aperture is 51.7, and the thickness is 5.2~5.7 mm (Figure 27).

 

 

Photo 28: Sumian Yukyu (M1 :1878-15)

 

Plain Yugui Specimen M1: 1878-15, Hetian sapphire, without weathering. Flat body, pointed rectangle, regular shape, polished body, plain surface. A 6.1 mm diameter hole was drilled for the pipe near the bottom of the body. The length is 161.2, the width is 69.7, and the thickness is 8.1~8.9 mm (Figure 28).

 

 

Picture 29 A jade with a dragon head jade with a chi pattern (M1 :1878-27)

 

Chi-patterned dragon head jade with hook Specimen M1: 1878-27, Hetian topaz, weakly weathered, brown in some parts. Hook-headed dragon-shaped, duck-bill-shaped upper and lower jaws, neck decorated with scales; square hooked body, tapering towards the hook head, high embossment of two chinchillas on the top, outlines the details of chinchillas with inscribed arcs, small chinchillas A round hole is drilled in the middle, and the side is inscribed with a hook pattern; the hook is oval with a mottle pattern on the surface. Length 132, width 14.6, height 44.9 mm (Figure 29).

 

 

Figure 30 Multi-section dragon head jade belt hook (M1 :1878-40)

 

Multi-sectioned dragon head jade with hook Specimen M1: 1878-40, preserved intact, with brown color. The hook body consists of a piece of white chalcedony connecting two pieces of Hetian white jade, the hook is also a single piece of Hetian white jade, and the four parts are spliced into a device through an iron core. The hook head is a simple dragon head shape, with only water drop eyes and a shovel-shaped snout carved out; the hook body is a reused early jade dragon body, square twisted, bas-relief heart-shaped pattern, left neck and right side protruding wings ; The hook tail is the dragon head of the early jade, bas-relief leaf-shaped ears, round eyes, swirly nose, open mouth, inscribed twisted silk patterns around the mouth, and grid pattern on the forehead; The word "two". The length is 99.3, the width is 15.7, and the height is 25.2 mm (Figure 30).

 

 

Sany Jade Seal of "Liu He" by Chi New (M1: 1878-23)

 

 

Figure 32 The jade seal of "Liu He" by Chi Niu (M1 :1878-23)

 

Ji Niu "Liu He" jade seal specimen M1: 1878-23, Hetian white jade, pure, with a small amount of brown ointment in Niu. The square seal on the top, without lines; the seal has no borders, with the words "Liu He" inscribed by Miao seal; Newgau embossed young chick, triangle head, curved ears, curved eyebrows and bulging eyes, pointed beak, branched tow Long hyena, C-shaped body, scaly pattern on the body, curly tail, left leg arched outward, right leg close to the body, two claws. A flat circular hole is drilled under the abdomen. The whole body is polished and polished. The square has a side length of 21.3 and a height of 15.7 mm (Figures 31 and 32).

 

 

Picture three three plain jade (M1 :1878-51)

 

Plain surface jade Specimen M1: 1878-51, Hetian white jade, light yellow in some parts. Flat S-shaped, plain surface, with a ridge in the middle divided into upper and lower parts, the lower end is pointed, and the upper end has a perforation. The length is 49.8, the width is 8.4, and the thickness is 1.9~4.3 mm (Figure 33).

 

 

Picture three and four: Dragon-patterned and Chi-pattern-shaped jade pendant (M1 :1878-21)

 

Dragon-patterned Chi-pattern-shaped jade pendant specimen M1: 1878-21, Hetian white jade, pure, with light yellow ointment in only small cracks. Flaky, openwork bas-relief. The body is heart-shaped with an oval middle hole; a convex edge is formed along the arc on the upper half of the front, another edge is raised in the middle and pointed at the top, and the shoulders are recessed, decorated with curling moire patterns; the lower half is inscribed with cloud patterns. The upper part of the back is inscribed with cirrus and grid patterns, and the lower part is inscribed with cloud patterns. The edge is contoured, the left side is hollowed out with a carved dragon pattern, water drop eyes, open mouth fangs, dragon ball in the mouth, and hyena hair floats behind; the right side is hollowed out with a carved pattern, trapezoidal head, curved ears, round eyes, and straight nose. The body of dragon pattern and chi pattern is slender and curved, passing through the body, branching long curly tail, muscular legs, sharp claws, and moiré patterns on the periphery. The dragon tattoo is decorated with a moiré pattern, and the chi pattern is inscribed with a slender middle ridge line and decorated with parallel double arcs. The length is 111, the width is 83, and the thickness is 3.8~5 mm (Figure 3 and 4).

 

 

Figure 35: Hexagonal prism crystal beads (M1 :1878-29)

 

Hexagonal prism crystal beads Specimen M1: 1878-29, crystal, colorless and transparent. Irregular hexagonal prism shape, plain face, bulging on each face. A through hole with a diameter of 1.8 mm is drilled in the center of the two top surfaces, and there are fine spiral marks on the hole wall. Polished well. The width is 18.7 and the height is 28 mm (Figure 35).

 

 

Picture 36 Yule (M1: 1878-38)

 

Yule Specimen M1: 1878-38, Hetian white jade, pure, light yellow in some parts. Cylinder, the thick end is slightly harvested into a circle, and the thin end gradually becomes an oval. The body is bas-relief and inscribed with regular and full grain patterns. The centers of the two top surfaces are drilled multiple times to form an elliptical through hole. Length 55.7, thick end diameter 9.4, thin end long diameter 10.6, short diameter 8.4 mm (Figure 36).

 

 

Picture thirty-seven, gold silk thread covered glass mat

 

The golden silk threaded colored glaze mat is composed of rectangular flake colored glaze, 32 rows, each row has 12 pieces, a total of 384 pieces. Each piece of colored glaze is about 6 cm in length and 4 cm in width, and is conjugated with gold threads. Mica flakes are wrapped around the mat. It is about 1.8 meters long and 0.65 meters wide (Figure 37).

 

Four conclusions

 

The shapes and functions of jade wares unearthed in different areas of the tomb are different: jade pendants, cover buttons and inlays, etc. unearthed in different areas of the cemetery. The inlays are divided into two types: human ornaments and objects; document archives and entertainment wares. The lacquer boxes between the unearthed are mainly small jade bi, stone gui, jade ring, jade pendant, agate shell-shaped ornaments and other ornaments. There are also many jade sword ornaments and a large number of flake jade materials and semi-finished jade pieces; except for one from the arsenal Except for the jade seal, the rest are decorated with jade swords; the western chamber of the main coffin room is mainly small-scale ornaments, and there may be ceremonial jade ornaments with the dragon head pattern and dragon-shaped jade; the southern part of the eastern chamber of the main coffin room Unearthed jade feathers, jade seals, jade belt hooks and other daily-use jade, jade sword ornaments, phoenix-shaped stone ornaments and a large number of geometric inlays, but the only ornaments are -shaped stone pendants; the outer coffin cover of the main coffin was unearthed All are decorated with jade swords; large-scale jade bibs are unearthed in the south between the inner and outer coffins; the inner coffins are mainly jade bibs, followed by jade eye masks, jade le, jade pillows, glazed mats and other funeral jade, jade belt hooks, jade The jade used in daily life such as printing and some small ornaments are lacking in ornaments. According to their functions, these jade articles can be divided into: ceremonial jade, including many large jade bibs, a large jade and a dragon-shaped jade decorated with a dragon head pattern of the old cong, and a few small jade bi and stone jade ornaments. It should be a decorative jade transformed from a ceremonial jade; a small number of jade used in daily life, including jade belt hooks, jade feathers, and jade seals, among which the "Da Liu Ji Yin" and "Liu He" jade seals are considered private seals; Funeral jade, only jade pillows, glazed mats, jade eye masks, agate nasal congestion, jade bibs, and a few preliminary processed jade bibs. There are no complete sets of jade urns unearthed, but there are a large number of jade pieces and jade materials that have not yet been processed. A considerable part of it may be planned to be used as funeral jade; decorative jade, the largest number, can be divided into human ornaments and object ornaments. Human ornaments include large human ornaments, such as shaped jade ornaments, dancer jade ornaments, double dragon head jade pendants, jade rings, etc., but there are no large groups of jade ornaments; small ornaments such as dragon shaped jade ornaments, phoenix bird shaped jade ornaments, jade pendants, jade swords , Crystal beads, agate beads, agate shell-shaped ornaments, jade pipes and flake jade ornaments. The ornaments include general decorations, such as jade sword ornaments, phoenix-shaped stone ornaments, dragon-shaped and chi-shaped stone gates, among which there are 94 jade sword ornaments. 1. Cannot match the complete set; inlays, such as animal-shaped stone inlays, double-wolf hunting pig-patterned stone inlays, animal face jade inlays, and a large proportion of geometric jade, such as spherical, flake, and half-bottle shapes. Inlays, etc., indicate that people like to inlay jade wares on bronze and lacquerware at that time.

 

In terms of jade shapes, there are about 40 common shapes in the Western Han Dynasty, as well as new shapes such as animal-shaped stone inlays, double wolf-hunting pig-patterned stone inlays, animal-faced jade inlays, and colored glaze mats. Dancing jade pendants and dragon-shaped jade ornaments with dragon head patterns with pan-lilies are old jade articles processed during the Warring States period. It is rare that jade pendants in the shape of a jade are carved with dragon, phoenix, and chi-patterns at the same time.

 

In terms of jade ornamentation, grain patterns, swirl patterns, cattail patterns, animal face patterns, dragon patterns, chi patterns, phoenix and bird patterns, and turtle patterns are common patterns in the Western Han Dynasty.

 

In terms of jade materials, about 240 pieces of processed jade excluding jade materials, jade pieces and geometric jade inlays, about 70% are Hetian jade, of which Hetian white jade is the main one; about 20% are agate, crystal and jade Quartz; about 10% is rock.

 

As far as the processing technology is concerned, it uses cutting, drilling, negative carving, positive carving, grinding and polishing, evisceration techniques, as well as bas-relief, high-relief, hollow carving, living ring, inlay, splicing, reforming and other composite techniques and techniques, showing At that time, the process of processing jade was complicated and superb.

 

As far as preservation is concerned, because it is kept in a relatively closed tomb burial environment, the surface of the jade is mostly weathered into grayish-white and gray-black, but the overall preservation is better.

 

Attachment: The excavation of the tomb of Liuhe of Haiyunhou began in 2011. In 2015, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage organized an expert group to guide the excavation on site. The expert team leader Xin Lixiang, deputy team leader Zhang Zhongli, and members Wu Shunqing, Wang Yarong, and Du Jinpeng. Jiao Nanfeng, chief consultant of archaeological exploration. Xu Changqing, general manager of Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, project leader Yang Jun, and management of cultural relics protection. Archaeological and cultural institutions such as Nanchang Museum and Nanchang Xinjian District Museum and related institutions of higher learning participated in archaeological excavations, cultural relics protection and data compilation. This article is one of the results of the sub-project "Research on the Unearthed Cultural Relics from the Tomb of Haihunhou" (Project No.: 16@ZH022), a major commissioned project of the National Social Science Fund.

 

(Author: Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Department of History, Xiamen University

  Rectification: Li Shuangjun, Xue Wanqi, Cai Bingqing, Wu, Han, Cai Baoquan

  Photograph: Liu Xinyu

  Writer: Cai Baoquan, Xu Changqing, Yang Jun)

(Source: "Cultural Relics" 2018-11)

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